Glossary
Aggregator of flexibility
A physical person or legal entity that combines, manages and represents several delivery points and/or production points in the electricity market. Aggregators of flexibility optimize the electricity consumption and production of their customers to efficiently respond to market demands and contribute to the stability of the power system.
These entities help balance fluctuations in energy demand and supply, leading to increased efficiency and reduced energy costs for all involved. Flexibility aggregators play a crucial role in the transition to sustainable energy with a higher share of renewable energy sources.
Alternator
An alternator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy in the form of alternating current (AC). This conversion process is crucial in various applications such as automotive systems, electric generators, and renewable energy sources.
Alternators are widely used in the automotive industry for charging batteries and powering vehicle electrical systems, as well as in power plants for generating electricity.
Backup inverter
A backup inverter is an electronic device that converts direct current (DC) from batteries into alternating current (AC), which is used to power electrical equipment during power outages. This inverter is a key component of uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems and backup power systems.
Backup inverters are essential for systems where continuous operation is critical, such as servers, data centers, medical facilities, and other critical infrastructures.
Backup power source
A backup power source is a device that provides temporary power to electrical devices during power blackouts. These sources ensure that critical systems and equipment can continue operating without interruption in the event of unexpected power failures.
The most commonly used types of backup power sources include:
Battery backup systems (UPS): Provide immediate power from batteries during outages.
Generators: Used for long-term backup and can be diesel, gasoline, or gas-powered.
Solar backup systems: Utilize solar energy to power equipment during blackouts.
Backup power sources are crucial for the operation of hospitals, data centers, industrial enterprises, and other critical infrastructures where uninterrupted power supply is essential.
Balance group
A balance group is an organized group of consumers, producers, and other participants in the electricity market managed by a single balancing entity. The goal of the balancing group is to optimize the consumption and production of electricity and minimize deviations between the planned and actual supply or consumption of electricity. The balancing entity is responsible for settling these deviations and handling the financial settlement within the group.
Battery management system (BMS)
A Battery Management System (BMS) is an intelligent battery management system that ensures the optimal performance of battery storage systems. The BMS monitors and manages the state of individual battery cells to ensure their safe and efficient operation.
The main functions of a BMS include:
Monitoring: Tracks the voltage, current, and temperature of each battery cell to ensure optimal operating conditions.
Protection: Protects batteries from overcharging, undercharging, overheating, and other potentially hazardous conditions.
Balancing: Ensures charge balancing between individual cells, which extends battery lifespan and improves performance.
Communication: Provides online information about the battery status and communicates with other systems, such as control units or energy management systems.
A BMS is an essential component of modern battery storage systems as it enhances their safety, reliability, and efficiency. It is used in various applications, including electric vehicles, solar systems, and industrial battery storage systems.
Battery storage
Battery storage, often referred to as large-capacity battery storage, accumulator storage or battery energy storage system (BESS), is device used to store electrical energy produced anywhere including from renewable sources such as solar panels. Stored energy can then be used when renewable sources are not available to produce electricity. In the case of solar energy, in the morning or evening hours for example.
An advanced type of battery storage is smart battery storage. Such storage is equipped with advanced technology to manage and optimize its performance and efficiency. These systems include intelligent software platforms to manage the charging and discharging of batteries based on current energy demand, energy prices or the state of the power grid.
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
The most widespread and well-known greenhouse gas, which is produced by the combustion of fossil fuels and other human activities, such as deforestation and biomass burning. CO2 contributes to the greenhouse effect, which leads to global warming and climate change. Reducing carbon dioxide emissions is crucial for environmental protection and mitigating the negative impacts of climate change.
Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e)
CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent) is a metric used to express the overall impact of different greenhouse gases on global warming in units of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2). This term allows for the comparison and summation of emissions from various greenhouse gases based on their global warming potential (GWP).
Key points regarding CO2e include:
Global Warming Potential (GWP): Each greenhouse gas has a different global warming potential. For example, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) have a higher GWP than carbon dioxide (CO2), meaning they have a greater impact on global warming.
Conversion to CO2e: The amount of greenhouse gas emissions is converted to CO2 equivalent based on their GWP. For instance, if methane has a GWP of 25, it means that 1 ton of methane has the same impact on global warming as 25 tons of CO2.
Overall impact: Using CO2e, we can easily summarize the total impact of various greenhouse gases on global warming, which is useful for analyses and reports related to climate change.
The use of CO2e is crucial for assessing and comparing the climate impacts of different activities and policies, helping in the implementation of effective measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Carbon neutrality
Carbon neutrality is a balance between carbon emission and absorption from the atmosphere via capture devices or offsetting measures. Simply put, it is the amount of greenhouse gasses that we release into the atmosphere as a result of our activities, balanced by what we can remove or compensate for. Achieving carbon neutrality involves reducing emissions through energy efficiency, renewable energy sources, and other ecological measures, as well as investing in carbon capture and storage projects.
Certified ancillary service
The contractual provision of regulation electricity (positive or negative) by an entity that meets the technical and commercial conditions determined by TSO regulations. A contractual commitment to the minimum availability of regulation electricity is required.
According to the activation speed necessary for the device providing regulation electricity, we can divide certified ancillary services into:
Primary, otherwise known as Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR for short), with activation under 30 seconds,
Secondary, otherwise known as automatic Frequency Restoration Reserve (aFRR for short), with activation up to 300 seconds, and
Tertiary, otherwise known as manual Frequency Restoration Reserve (mFRR for short) with activation up to 750 seconds.
Financial rewards are offered for the regulation electricity provided, as well as for availability even when regulation electricity is not provided. In the event that the TSO detects an entity's inability to comply with the agreed availability period, the entity is fined.
Certified ancillary service is mainly provided by entities burning fossil-fuels, such as heating plants and diesel generators. Green providers of certified ancillary services can be transfer tanks or entities burning biomass, and now also battery storage systems.
Converter
A converter is an electronic device that changes electrical energy from one form to another. It is most commonly used to convert direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) or otherwise. Converters are crucial in various applications, such as solar energy systems, electric vehicles, and household appliances.
The main types of converters include:
Inverters: Convert direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC), which is essential for powering household appliances from batteries or solar panels.
Rectifiers: Convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), which is important for charging batteries and powering devices that require direct current.
AC-DC Converters: Combine the functions of rectifiers and inverters, allowing flexible conversion between alternating and direct current.
The main advantages of converters include:
Flexibility: They enable the use of various energy sources and devices by adapting the form of electrical energy as needed.
Efficiency: Modern converters are highly efficient and minimize energy losses during conversion.
Safety: Converters often include protective features that prevent damage to devices due to overvoltage or other power issues.
Converters are essential for integrating renewable energy sources into the electrical grid, as they enable the efficient conversion and use of energy produced by sources such as solar panels.
Counter-deviation
A counter-deviation is a deviation that occurs in the power system as a response to an initial deviation, with the aim of restoring the balance between electricity production and consumption. When one part of the system experiences a deviation, such as an excess or shortage of electricity, another part of the system can create a counter-deviation to compensate for this difference and stabilize the system.
Counter-deviations are an important tool in power system management because they allow operators to quickly respond to unexpected changes in electricity supply and demand.
Daily diagram
A daily profile is a graphical representation of the projected or actual electricity consumption and production throughout a single day, often divided into hourly or quarter-hourly intervals. This profile provides a detailed overview of how electricity consumption and production fluctuate over the course of the day, enabling effective planning and management of energy resources.
Delivery point
The delivery point is a location where the end consumer purchases electricity for their own use. This could be a household or a business. This location is usually the same as the place where electricity consumption is measured. The consumption of one consumer can be measured at multiple delivery points, allowing for accurate monitoring and management of electricity usage.
Deviation of the delivery point
Deviation of the delivery point is the difference between the planned daily diagram of electricity consumption and the actual electricity consumption at a specific delivery point. The daily diagram is prepared for each delivery point a day in advance and is sent to the balance entity, often the electricity supplier. The sum of all deviations for delivery points under a single balancing entity constitutes the total deviation for that balancing entity.
Deviations of the delivery points are crucial for effective management of energy flows and ensuring the stability of the electricity grid. Accurate planning and monitoring of these deviations help minimize financial losses and enhance the reliability of electricity supply.
Deviation of the settlement entity
Deviation of the settlement entity is the difference between the planned and actual delivery or consumption of electricity reported by a specific settlement entity in the electricity grid. This deviation occurs when the actual values of electricity consumption or production differ from the planned values and can be either positive (surplus) or negative (deficit).
Diagram of electricity consumption
An electricity consumption diagram is a graphical representation of electricity consumption data at a delivery point. These data are recorded in 15-minute intervals, providing a detailed overview of how electricity usage changes throughout the day.
Key characteristics of the electricity consumption diagram include:
Time intervals: Electricity consumption is recorded every 15 minutes, allowing for detailed monitoring and analysis of usage.
Access to data: Consumers can request these data from their electricity supplier. In some cases, consumers have access to the electricity consumption diagram online through their energy supplier's website.
Consumption analysis: The consumption diagram helps consumers understand when their electricity usage is highest, which can be useful for optimizing consumption and reducing costs.
The electricity consumption diagram is a valuable tool for households, businesses, and industrial delivery points that aim to manage their electricity usage efficiently and identify opportunities for energy savings.
Distribution system
The distribution system is a part of the electrical grid that ensures the delivery of electrical energy from the transmission system to end consumers such as households, businesses, and public institutions. The distribution system operates at lower voltages compared to the transmission system and is designed to efficiently and reliably provide electrical energy at a local level.
Distribution system operator
A distribution system operator (DSO) is an entity responsible for the operation, maintenance, and development of the electrical distribution network within a specified area. It ensures the reliable distribution of electrical energy to end consumers.
The role of a distribution system operator includes connecting new delivery points, handling failures and implementing technical or legislative requirements.
Electricity consumer
An electricity consumer is a person or organization that consumes electricity purchased from an electricity supplier. Customers can be divided into different categories, such as households, commercial enterprises, industrial plants and public institutions.
The electricity customer is responsible for paying of consumed energy and has the opportunity to choose a supplier according to their preferences and needs.
Electricity supplier
An electricity supplier is an entity that holds a permit for the supply of electricity / sale of electricity. It buys electricity from producers and sells it to end customers such as households, businesses and other organisations.
The electricity supplier is responsible for invoicing, providing customer service and complying with legislative requirements. Customers can choose a supplier based on price, quality of service or products offered, such as green tariffs.
Electricity system
An electricity system is a complex network that facilitates the transmission and distribution of electrical energy from producers to consumers. This system includes power plants, transmission and distribution lines, substations, and other technical equipment that enable efficient and reliable delivery of electricity.
The electricity system consists of three main parts:
1. Electricity generation: Power plants produce electrical energy using various sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear power, hydropower, wind energy, and solar energy.
2. Transmission system: High-voltage transmission lines carry electrical energy over long distances from power plants to distribution areas.
3. Distribution system: Medium-voltage and low-voltage lines distribute electrical energy to individual consumers, including households, industrial businesses, and other facilities.
The electricity system is a critical infrastructure system for modern societies, enabling the smooth and reliable transmission of electrical energy necessary for various aspects of daily life and economic activities.
EMS (Energy Management System)
An EMS (Energy Management System) is a sophisticated system designed to monitor, control and optimize energy consumption and production. In the context of battery storage, like the smart battery storage is brAIn, EMS is the heart and brain of the entire system.
An EMS uses sensors, software and analytical tools to collect data on energy consumption, identify potential savings and automate processes to increase energy efficiency. It monitors the current weather, the state of the electrical grid and consumption at the customer's premises, thereby helping to maximize efficiency, prevent outages and optimize energy costs. The implementation of an EMS can lead to a reduction in energy costs, improved sustainability and reduced environmental impact.
Energy analysis
Is a process that involves collecting and analyzing data on electricity consumption in order to identify opportunities to increase efficiency and reduce costs. This process is important in the design of battery storage capacity.
As part of an energy analysis, the battery storage supplier examines the electricity consumption diagram, which contains electricity consumption data of the delivery point.
The reserved capacity and the maximum reserved capacity of the delivery point are also taken into account.
Energy Company
An energy company is a group of individuals, households or organizations that work towards the aim of producing, consuming, storing and controlling energy. These companies often focus on the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind or hydroelectric power plants, with the goal of increasing energy self-sufficiency, reducing energy costs and contributing to sustainability.
Energy companies enable members to produce energy, which leads to a more efficient use of resources and a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. These companies can also benefit from financial rewards for providing support services to the power grid, such as stabilizing the grid and compensating for fluctuations in energy consumption and production.
ESG Report
An ESG Report (Environmental, Social, and Governance Report) is a document that companies use to present their initiatives and results in the areas of sustainability and social responsibility.
An ESG report includes:
Environmental: The company's impact on the environment, such as emissions, energy consumption, and resource sustainability.
Social: Relationships with employees, suppliers, customers, and communities, including working conditions and human rights.
Governance: Management practices, ethics, risk management and transparency.
ESG reports help investors and stakeholders assess the long-term sustainability and ethical conduct of a company.
Flexibility (demand side response)
Flexibility (demand side response) is the ability to increase or decrease the output of operating technologies and energy sources, or shifting the electricity consumption of a delivery point through battery storage in real time. The goal of this flexibility is to reduce the load on the transmission system. It helps balance peaks (peak shaving) and shift loads (load shifting), which represents additional income for delivery points from providing uncertified ancillary services.
Flexibility plays a key role in the transition to a low-carbon energy system with a higher share of renewable energy sources. It enables efficient management of electricity consumption and production, thus contributing to the stability and sustainability of the energy system.
Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are natural energy resources that formed over millions of years from the decomposition of plant and animal remains buried beneath the Earth's surface. The most common fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas. These resources are used for electricity generation, heating, and as transportation fuels.
Fossil fuels are the main source of energy for many industries, but burning them produces greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide (CO2), which contributes to global warming and climate change. In addition, the extraction and processing of fossil fuels can have negative impacts on the environment, including water and soil pollution.
FUERGY control unit
Fuergy control unit is a communication interface between FUERGY software and hardware, such as a battery storage and photovoltaic panels. This hardware is built on the ARB 32-bit architecture, which includes a 64-bit Intel® Atom™ processor. It can be controlled remotely via cloud server, which enables efficient remote management and monitoring of energy systems.
The FUERGY Control Unit is an essential component of every smart battery storage system, brAIn by FUERGY, as it enables efficient management and optimization of energy resources, leading to increased energy efficiency and cost savings.
FUERGY power merger
A device which maintains the parallel connection of three independent DC voltage sources and ensures power redundancy for control and communication devices. In the event of a failure in one of the sources, power is preserved in the remaining devices, increasing reliability of the entire system. Individual power sources do not affect each other, with operation that is problem-free and independent
G-component
The G-component (distribution network access fee) is a charge that electricity suppliers pay in some countries, including Slovakia, for the ability to connect their facilities to the distribution system. This fee covers the costs associated with maintaining the infrastructure required to transmit the generated electricity to the grid, even when the supplier is not currently supplying electricity. However, the fee amount can vary depending on the capacity being utilized at the time.
The G-component ensures the balanced funding of distribution network operations and contributes to the sustainability of energy infrastructure.
The fee amount is determined by a regulatory authority and may differ depending on the legislation and conditions in individual countries. In Slovakia, this fee is regulated by the Regulatory Office for Network Industries (ÚRSO).
Greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are gases that absorb heat in the atmosphere and contribute to the "greenhouse effect." These gases occur naturally, but their levels have significantly increased due to human activities. The main sources of increased greenhouse gases are the production and combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Among the most well-known greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases. The rise in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere contributes to global warming and climate change.
Hydropower
Hydropower is the use of water flows for the production of electricity. Since water is cyclically renewed through a natural process, for example the evaporation of rain and runoff from rivers and lakes, it is considered a renewable form of energy. Hydropower is one of the cleanest and most sustainable energy sources, contributing to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting ecological stability.
Kilowatt-peak (kWp)
Kilowatt-peak (kWp) is a unit of power used to refer to the maximum output of a solar panel or solar system under ideal conditions. It is a standardized measurement that allows for comparison of different solar panels and systems based on their maximum possible energy production.
KWp values help solar system customers and installers estimate how much energy the system can produce under ideal conditions. For example, a 5 kWp solar system can produce 5 kilowatts of electricity in one hour under ideal conditions.
Li-Ion Batteries
Li-Ion batteries (lithium-ion batteries) are a popular type of rechargeable battery widely used in various electronic devices, such as smartphones, laptops, as well as in electric vehicles and stationary energy storage systems. They are known for their high energy density, low weight, and long lifespan.
The main advantages of Li-Ion batteries include:
High Energy Density: Allows a large amount of energy to be stored in a relatively small and lightweight package, making them ideal for portable electronic devices.
Long Lifespan: They have a long lifespan due to a high number of charge and discharge cycles.
Low Self-Discharge Rate: Li-Ion batteries discharge more slowly compared to other types of rechargeable batteries, increasing their efficiency during long-term storage.
Low Maintenance: Unlike some other types of batteries, Li-Ion batteries do not require regular maintenance to ensure their performance.
Although Li-Ion batteries offer many advantages, it is important to keep in mind several safety aspects, such as the risk of overheating and fire if misused or damaged. Therefore, it is crucial to use certified chargers and battery protection devices.
LiFePO4 Batteries
LiFePO4 batteries (lithium iron phosphate batteries) are a type of lithium-ion battery known for their high energy density and long lifespan. While they have a lower energy density compared to some other types of lithium-ion batteries, they are much more stable and reliable, providing longer life and consistent high performance.
The main advantages of LiFePO4 batteries include:
Stability and safety: They are much more stable and less prone to overheating or catching fire, making them suitable for indoor use.
Long lifespan: Due to their resistance to cyclical stress, they offer a longer lifespan compared to other battery technologies.
High performance: Despite a lower energy density, they still provide sufficient power for a wide range of applications, including stationary energy storage.
Thanks to these properties, LiFePO4 batteries are popular for use in indoor battery storage solutions. At FUERGY, we use certified LiFePO4 batteries from Pylontech, which meet the strictest fire safety standards.
Local distribution system (LDS)
The Local Distribution System (LDS) is a part of the electrical grid that facilitates the distribution of electrical energy within a defined geographic area such as a town, industrial park, or urban district. The LDS operates at a local level and is designed to provide reliable and efficient electricity supply to end consumers in the given area.
Low-carbon economy
A low-carbon economy is an economy that relies on energy sources with low emission of greenhouse gasses. The main goal of a low-carbon economy is to protect the environment and prevent long-term climate changes that could negatively impact human society and natural ecosystems. This model promotes the use of renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, and innovative technologies that reduce the carbon footprint.
Main disconnecting point (HRM)
Main Disconnect Device (HRM) is a device that serves to quickly disconnect electrical current from the distribution system. The main task of HRM is to ensure safe maintenance, repairs, or replacement of electrical equipment. This device is a key component of network protection, especially in solar panel systems, where it disconnects the production part of the source from the distribution system in the event of a fault or issues that could threaten network stability.
HRM is essential for the safe and reliable operation of electrical systems, particularly when renewable energy sources such as solar panels are used.
Maximum reserved capacity (MRC)
Maximum Reserved Capacity (MRC) is the highest amount of electrical energy that a consumer has contractually agreed upon with the distribution system operator and can consume at a given time.
At different voltage levels, the MRC is determined differently:
Very High Voltage (VHV) and High Voltage (HV): The MRC is the average value of the quarter-hourly active power agreed upon in the connection contract or specified in the connection conditions for a particular delivery point.
Low Voltage (LV): The MRC is determined by the ampere value of the main circuit breaker before the electricity meter or the converted kilowatt value of MRC to amperes, as agreed upon in the connection contract or specified in the connection conditions for a single delivery point.
The MRC ensures that consumers have sufficient capacity to meet their peak consumption needs without the risk of exceeding the capacity, which could lead to penalties or interrupted supply.
Measurement and regulation (MaR)
Measurement and Regulation (MaR) is a system that ensures the control and smooth operation of technologies at the delivery point, such as heating, ventilation, air conditioning, cooling, and lighting. This system takes care of comfort and safety, efficient management of technological equipment, operational monitoring, and energy consumption optimization.
MaR systems are essential for modern buildings and industrial facilities because they contribute to increased efficiency, comfort, and operational safety.
Micro-blackouts
Micro-blackouts, also known as micro-abortions, are brief interruptions in the power supply that usually last less than one second. These outages can be caused by a variety of factors, including distribution network problems, atmospheric influences, accidents, or rapid changes in electricity consumption.
Although micro-blackouts are brief, they can cause significant problems in sensitive electronic systems such as computers, data centers, or medical devices. Therefore, it is often necessary to use backup power supplies or power interruption protection systems to minimize potential damage or interruptions in operation.
Negative electricity price
A negative electricity price is a situation in the electricity market where producers pay consumers to take electricity instead of consumers paying for it. This phenomenon occurs when the supply of electricity significantly exceeds demand, resulting in a surplus of energy in the power grid.
Non-certified ancillary service
Non-certified ancillary service is the provision of regulation electricity (positive or negative) happens at the delivery or at the production point (i.e. behind the smart meter) without any contractual commitment to availability. An entity providing ancillary services does not have to meet the technical and business conditions determined by TSO regulations.
Regulation electricity is provided for a financial reward at a time when it is technically possible and financially advantageous. The provision of regulation electricity occurs by charging / discharging batteries and/or reducing / increasing the power output of energy-intensive technologies, also known as Flexibility. Regulation takes place in the direction of counter-deviation and is billed through the electricity supplier.
Photovoltaics
Photovoltaics is a technology that enables the direct conversion of solar energy into electrical energy using solar panels. This technology is key to the transition towards sustainable and renewable energy. The correct term for this technology is derived from the unit of electric voltage, volt, which in Slovak takes the form "voltický." Therefore, photovoltaics is an important component of modern solutions for producing clean energy, helping to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and contributing to environmental protection.
Positive electricity price
A positive electricity price is a situation in the electricity market where consumers pay a typical price for the electricity they consume, as determined by market mechanisms. This is the most common scenario in energy markets and reflects the balance between the demand for electricity and its supply.
Production point
A delivery point is a place where electricity is produced and physically delivered into the transmission system. This point consists of one measurable point that records the amount of delivered energy. The delivery point is crucial for monitoring and managing the flow of electricity from production sources into the broader energy network, ensuring accurate measurement and accounting of the delivered energy.
Reactive power
Reactive power is a type of electrical energy that exists within an electrical system but is not used to perform work, such as converting energy into mechanical motion or heat. Reactive power is necessary for the proper functioning of electrical devices, such as transformers and inductive motors, and for maintaining voltage within the electrical system.
Reactive power is crucial for the operation of the electrical system because it ensures that all equipment functions correctly and efficiently. Although it does not produce real power, its presence and proper management are essential for the stability and reliability of electrical systems.
Regulated energy consumer
A regulated electricity consumer is an individual or legal entity that consumes electricity based on a bundled electricity supply contract with an electricity supplier. These consumers have a legal entitlement to an electricity or gas supply price regulated by the Regulatory Office for network industries (ÚRSO). Regulated consumers include households and small businesses with an annual consumption of up to 30 MWh of electricity or 100 MWh of gas. This group also includes homeowners' associations with their own boiler rooms, social service facilities, and rental and social housing.
Regulated consumers benefit from stable and predictable electricity prices, providing them protection from fluctuations in the energy market. These regulated prices are set to ensure access to electricity at fair and affordable rates for more vulnerable population groups and small businesses.
Regulating electricity (RE)
Regulating electricity (RE) is electricity used to maintain the balance between the production and consumption of electricity in the power system. This type of electricity is deployed in the event of deviations, when it is necessary to immediately increase or decrease the amount of supplied energy to ensure the stability of the electrical grid.
Regulating electricity can be positive or negative. Positive regulating electricity balances positive system deviations (i.e. excess electricity in the power grid) and requires an increase in electricity production from energy sources or a decrease in consumption on the part of customers. Negative regulating electricity compensates for negative deviations in the system (i.e. a lack of electricity in the power grid), and necessitates a reduction by producers or an increase in consumption by consumers.
Regulation potential of the delivery point
The regulatory potential of a delivery point is the ability of that point to regulate the production and consumption of electricity in order to provide non-certified ancillary services to the electrical grid. This potential is crucial for optimizing the use of energy resources and maximizing financial rewards from providing these services.
Key aspects of regulatory potential include:
Regulation of production and consumption: A delivery point with high regulatory potential can effectively change its electricity consumption and production, allowing for the charging and discharging of batteries as needed by the grid.
Financial rewards: A brAIn battery storage system that utilizes regulatory potential is financially rewarded for providing regulatory services, contributing to the return on investment.
Dynamic consumption: A delivery point should not have constant consumption throughout the day. Larger fluctuations in electricity consumption and production increase regulatory potential, as the FUERGY system can more frequently charge and discharge batteries.
Regulatory potential is important for companies that want to optimize their energy costs and contribute to the stabilization of the electrical grid. Higher regulatory potential means greater opportunities for earning through energy services.
Renewable energy
Energy obtained from a sources that are not exhausted through their use. The main sources of renewable energy include water, wind power, solar power, geothermal energy, and biofuels. These sources are sustainable and contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, thereby promoting environmental protection and combating climate change.
Reserved capacity (RC)
Reserved Capacity (RC) is the amount of electrical power secured for a consumer based on a monthly, quarterly, or annual electricity distribution contract or contract on the joint supply of electricity. At very high voltage (VHV) and high voltage (HV) levels, RC is determined as the quarter-hourly power secured based on a mutually confirmed contract.
The tariff for reserved capacity is charged monthly, meaning the consumer pays regularly for the reserved capacity according to the contractual terms. If the consumer exceeds the RC value, the supplier charges a capacity overrun fee. The value of reserved capacity can be increased during the calendar year up to the level of the Maximum Reserved Capacity (MRC).
Settlement entity
The settlement entity is an organization or entity responsible for financial settlement of discrepancies between planned and actual delivery or consumption of electrical energy within the electrical grid. These entities are crucial for ensuring balance in the electrical grid and for minimizing financial risks associated with deviations in energy deliveries.
Settlement entities play a key role in the energy market by ensuring transparent and efficient settlement of electrical energy, thereby contributing to the stability and reliability of energy supply.
Settlement price of deviation
The imbalance settlement price is the price used to financially settle the differences between the planned and actual supply or consumption of electricity in the power system. This mechanism ensures that settlement entities (e.g., electricity producers and suppliers) are financially motivated to accurately plan and adhere to their commitments.
The imbalance settlement price is determined based on current market conditions and can vary for positive and negative deviations:
Positive deviation: Occurs when the supply of electricity is higher than planned or when consumption is lower than planned. The settlement price for a positive deviation is often lower because it represents a surplus of electricity in the grid.
Negative deviation: Occurs when the supply of electricity is lower than planned or when consumption is higher than planned. The settlement price for a negative deviation is usually higher because it represents a shortage of electricity in the grid.
The imbalance settlement price is a crucial tool for maintaining balance in the power system and ensuring the reliability and stability of electricity supplies.
Smart-metering
Smart-metering is the process of measuring electrical energy using a smart meter. This type of meter measures and automatically sends the recorded data to the distribution system operator. The smart meter is a certified measuring device owned by the distribution system and is used for billing purposes. Smart-metering enables precise and efficient monitoring of electricity consumption, leading to better management and optimization of energy resources.
Smart meter
A smart meter is a smart electricity meter that digitally records electricity consumption and enables two-way communication between the supply point and the electricity supplier. It provides accurate and current energy consumption data, which improves the efficiency of energy management for both homes and businesses.
Solar panels
Solar panels, also known as photovoltaic panels, are devices that convert sunlight into electrical energy using photovoltaic (PV) cells. These panels are a key component of solar energy systems and enable the use of renewable energy to power homes, commercial buildings, and industrial facilities.
Main components of a solar panel:
Photovoltaic cells: Small units that convert sunlight into electrical energy. These cells are typically made of silicon.
Frame: Ensures the stability and protection of the photovoltaic cells.
Glass cover: Protects the photovoltaic cells from weather conditions and mechanical damage.
Connecting cables: Allow the connection of solar panels to the electrical grid or battery storage systems.
Solar panels are an investment in a sustainable future and help reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
Solar surpluses
Solar surpluses occur when solar panels generate more energy than is needed at a given time. These excesses can be stored in batteries for later use or sent to the electrical grid. Storing solar surpluses helps maximize the use of generated energy, reduces reliance on traditional energy sources, and contributes to energy self-sufficiency. Utilizing surpluses also supports the stability of the electrical grid by providing energy during times of higher demand.
Sub-metering
Sub-metering is the installation of an additional electricity meter after the smart meter, used to provide online data on the consumption and production of electricity of selected technologies. Data from this secondary measurement is compared with the invoicing data from the smart meter. The measurement accuracy is 99.9%, which allows for detailed monitoring and optimization of energy management.
Switchboard
Switchboard, also known as a distribution box, is an electrical device used to distribute electrical power from the main power source to individual circuits within a building or industrial facility. The distribution board contains circuit breakers, fuses, relays, switches, and other protective and control elements that ensure the safe and efficient management of electrical current.
Distribution boards are essential for the safe and reliable operation of electrical systems in homes, commercial buildings, and industrial halls.
System deviation
System deviation is the difference between the planned and actual production or consumption of electricity in the power system. This deviation occurs when actual production or consumption deviates from predicted values, which can affect the stability and reliability of energy supplies.
Each settlement entity creates a day-ahead plan for the consumption and production of electricity for its balancing group and is responsible for deviations caused by incorrect planning. The system deviation in each trading quarter-hour is the sum of the deviations of all settlement entities.
The system deviation can be positive or negative. A positive deviation occurs when the total consumption in the system is lower than the planned amount, indicating a surplus of electricity. A negative deviation occurs when the total consumption is higher than planned, leading to a shortage of electricity in the grid.
Thermal panels
Thermal panels, also known as solar collectors, are devices that use sunlight to heat water. Unlike solar panels, which convert sunlight into electrical energy, thermal panels absorb heat from the sun and transfer this heat to water in a storage tank.
They reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions by utilizing a renewable energy source. They are suitable for heating water in homes, hotels, swimming pools, and other facilities where hot water is needed.
Thermal panels are installed on the roofs of buildings similarly to solar panels to maximize exposure to sunlight.
Transmission system
The transmission system is a crucial part of the electrical grid that ensures the transfer of electrical energy over long distances from producers (power plants) to distribution systems or directly to large industrial consumers. The transmission system uses high-voltage lines to minimize energy losses during transmission. In our country, the transmission system consists of networks operating at 400 kV and 220 kV.
Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a device that ensures the safety and operation of critical computer systems, IT equipment, and other electronic devices during power surges and black-outs. A UPS provides immediate backup power from batteries if the power supply drops to insufficient voltage or stops completely.
The main functions of a UPS include:
Backup power: Provides immediate power from batteries, preventing device shutdowns.
Surge protection: Protects devices from sudden voltage spikes that can damage electronics.
Voltage stabilization: Ensures a constant voltage level, enhancing the stability and lifespan of connected devices.
A UPS is essential for maintaining continuous operation of critical systems such as servers, data centers, telecommunications equipment, and other sensitive electronic devices that require reliable power even during electrical black-outs.
Unregulated energy consumer
An unregulated electricity consumer is an individual or legal entity that consumes electricity based on a contract with an electricity supplier, but the supply price is not regulated by the Regulatory office for network industries (ÚRSO). Instead, the price is determined based on market conditions and the agreement between the consumer and the supplier. This category includes businesses with annual consumption over 30 MWh of electricity or 100 MWh of gas. Such consumers have greater flexibility in negotiating prices and can take advantage of various competitive offers in the electricity market.
Unregulated consumers often include large industrial enterprises and commercial entities with high electricity consumption, looking for ways to optimize their energy costs.
Virtual battery
A virtual battery is an innovative energy solution that enables the storage and management of energy without the need for a physical battery storage system. It utilizes advanced software platforms and algorithms to optimize energy consumption and production, effectively managing and distributing energy within the power grid. This concept integrates energy from renewable sources such as solar and wind power, storing it directly within the electrical grid.
A virtual battery helps reduce energy costs and increase energy efficiency through advanced algorithms and predictive models that optimize energy consumption to be as efficient as possible. Additionally, the system contributes to grid stability by balancing fluctuations in energy consumption and production, storing excess energy during low demand periods and releasing it during peak times.
Users of virtual batteries can also receive financial profit for providing regulatory services that contribute to grid stabilization. This solution is ideal for businesses and households looking to efficiently manage their energy consumption while contributing to sustainability and grid stability.
Wattage
Power consumption is the measure of electricity consumed by a device or appliance per unit of time, usually expressed in watts (W). It indicates how much power the device needs to operate.
Higher power consumption means higher energy consumption, which is also reflected in higher electricity costs. Efficient power management can contribute to energy savings and reduced environmental impact.